Stem Cell therapy for Diabetes Treatment:

Stem cell treatment, also known as regenerative medicine, uses stem cells or their derivatives to enhance the repair response of sick, dysfunctional, or wounded tissue. It's the next step in organ transplantation, and it relies on cells rather than donor organs, which are in short supply.

Stem cells are the body's raw materials — they are the cells that give rise to all other cells with specific tasks. Stem cells divide to generate new cells called daughter cells under the correct conditions in the body or in the lab. These daughter cells differentiate into new stem cells or specialised cells with a specific purpose, such as blood cells, brain cells, heart muscle cells, or bone cells (differentiation). No other cell in the body has the potential to produce new cell types on its own.

Disease Overview:

When your blood glucose, also known as blood sugar, is too high, you develop diabetes. Your primary energy source is blood glucose, which is obtained from the food you eat. The pancreas produces the hormone insulin, which facilitates the entry of food-derived glucose into your cells for energy production.

Disease Signs and Symptoms:

The severity of diabetes symptoms is influenced by blood sugar levels. Some people may not exhibit symptoms, particularly if they have type 2 diabetes or prediabetes. Symptoms of type 1 diabetes frequently appear suddenly and are more severe.

Type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes can both cause the following symptoms:

- Having an unusually strong thirst.

- Frequent urination.

- Weight loss that occurs naturally.

- Ketones found in the urine. When there is insufficient insulin available, muscle and fat are broken down, producing ketones as a byproduct.

- Feeling worn out and frail.

- Having mood swings or feeling irritable.

- Experiencing vision haze.

- Having wounds that heal slowly.

- Contracting numerous infections, including vaginal, skin, and gum infections.

Diabetes type 1 can develop at any age. However, it frequently begins in childhood or adolescence. The more prevalent type of diabetes, type 2, can manifest at any age. People over 40 are more likely to have type 2 diabetes.

Disease Causes:

Most types of diabetes lack a known precise cause. Sugar builds up in the bloodstream in every situation. This is as a result of inadequate insulin production by the pancreas. Diabetes of either type can result from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. What those factors might be is unknown.

Risk Factors

Depending on the type of diabetes, different risk factors apply. In all types, family history might be important. Geographical location and environmental factors can increase the risk of type 1 diabetes.

Testing for diabetes immune system cells in relatives of people with type 1 diabetes occurs occasionally (autoantibodies). You run a higher risk of getting type 1 diabetes if you have these autoantibodies. However, not everybody with these autoantibodies goes on to develop diabetes.

Your risk of type 2 diabetes may also increase depending on your race or ethnicity. Some people, including those of Hispanic, American Indian, and Asian American descent, are more at risk than others, though it is unclear why. In people who are overweight or obese, prediabetes, type 2 diabetes, and gestational diabetes are more prevalent.

Disease Diagnosis:

tests for diabetes types 1 and 2, as well as for prediabetes

- The A1C test for glycated haemoglobin. This blood test, which does not call for prolonged fasting, reveals your average blood sugar level over the previous two to three months. It calculates the proportion of blood sugar that is bonded to haemoglobin, the protein that carries oxygen in red blood cells.

- A haphazard blood sugar check. At some random time, a blood sample will be taken. If your blood sugar level is 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) or higher, it doesn't matter when you last had food. Diabetes is a possibility.

- A test of fasting blood sugar. You won't be allowed to eat anything the night before, and then a blood sample will be taken (fast). It is normal to have a fasting blood sugar level less than 100 mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L). Prediabetes is defined as having a fasting blood sugar level between 100 and 125 mg/dL (5.6 and 6.9 mmol/L). You have diabetes if it is 126 mg/dL (7 mmol/L) or higher on two different tests.

- A test for oral glucose tolerance. You must fast the night before this test. The level of fasting blood sugar is then determined. After consuming a sugary beverage, blood sugar levels are checked every two hours.

It's normal to have blood sugar levels under 140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L). After two hours, a reading of more than 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) indicates diabetes. You have prediabetes if your blood sugar level is between 140 and 199 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L and 11.0 mmol/L).

Your healthcare provider may perform a urine test to check for the presence of ketones if they suspect you may have type 1 diabetes. When muscle and fat are burned for energy, ketone bodies are created as a byproduct. Your doctor will likely perform a test to see if you have autoantibodies, which are harmful immune system cells linked to type 1 diabetes.

Early on in your pregnancy, your doctor will probably determine if you have a high risk of developing gestational diabetes. At your initial prenatal appointment, your doctor might perform a diabetes test if you're at high risk. If your risk is average, you'll likely undergo screening sometime in the second trimester.

Disease Treatment Using Stem Cell Therapy:

The key to controlling diabetes is stabilising insulin levels. The current standard of care focuses on boosting the body's insulin levels, usually through injection (needles) or insulin pumps that are worn externally. In order to achieve this, the patient must carefully monitor the levels of blood insulin and test his or her blood sugar several times per day. Despite the fact that this is currently considered the best practise, scientists are working to discover a way to stimulate the body to produce more insulin or to do so more effectively.

One such technique under investigation involves generating the insulin-producing islets in the pancreas using stem cells. There are documented cases where patients have gone years without needing insulin injections, despite the fact that stem cell therapy has not yet been able to cure type 1 diabetes.Diabetes-specific clinical trials using cord blood stem cells are being conducted.